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Objective@#To understand the awareness level of AIDS knowledge and its influencing factors among middle school students from AIDS high prevalence areas of Yi Autonomous Prefecture (Liangshan Prefecture), and to provide a reference for making propaganda strategies of AIDS knowledge and intervention measures in the relevant departments.@*Methods@#Totally 10 749 students in 4 middle schools were selected from AIDS high prevalence areas of Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Liangshan by the method of cluster sampling. A self-made questionnaire was used to investigate the ways of getting AIDS knowledge and the condition of conducting AIDS life training skills in school.@*Results@#The awareness rate of AIDS-related knowledge among middle school students in Liangshan Prefecture was 44.4%. According to the results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis, female students, junior grade, Yi nationality, poor self-evaluation, lack of parents, living in rural areas, good family economic condition (student self-assessment), living in a community of Yi nationality were all the dangerous factors to the awareness rate of AIDS. School education, radio and television, and health promotion were the main ways for students to acquire AIDS knowledge(88.82%, 80.83%, 73.54%). Minority students, students in severely affected areas received less AIDS life skills training in schools, the time was later, and student needs were not strong.@*Conclusion@#The AIDS awareness level of middle school students in Liangshan AIDS high-incidence area is too low, so it is necessary to pay attention to develop targeted programs to strengthen AIDS health education for middle school students.
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Objective To study the effects of different fluoride concentrations on proliferation and apoptosis of rats' immune cells,and to explore the effects of fluoride on immune function.Methods Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups,and the concentrations of NaF in drinking water for each group (15 rats in each group) were 0,50,100,and 150 mg/L,respectively.They were freely fed water and commercial standard chow.All rats were sacrificed after 12 weeks.Thymus index was calculated.Lymphocyte proliferation activity in the blood was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay.The apoptosis of monocytes in blood was detected by Annexin V/PI method.The apoptosis of lymphocytes in spleen and thymus was detected by Tunal method.Results After 12 weeks of fluoride exposure,the difference in the thymus immune organ index between the four dose groups was statistically significant (F =6.50,P ＜ 0.05);after 12 weeks,the thymus immune organ index of the low and middle dose groups was significantly lower than that of the control group (0.70 ± 0.19,0.84 ± 0.18 vs 1.16 ± 0.33,P ＜ 0.05).There were significant differences in B and T lymphocyte viability between the four dose groups (F =539.97,4.92,P ＜ 0.05).The viability of B lymphocyte in the blood of the middle dose group was significantly lower than those of control group and the low dose group [(58.09 ± 4.59)％ vs (100.00 ± 9.01)％,(106.70 ± 4.82)％,P ＜ 0.05].The viabilities of T lymphocyte in the blood of the low and middle dose groups were significantly lower than that of the control group [(81.11 ± 2.93)％,(75.68 ± 2.34)％ vs (100.00 ± 34.02)％,P ＜ 0.05].The apoptosis rates of blood mononuclear cells in the fluoride-treated groups were significantly increased than that of control group [(48.00 ± 7.45)％,(47.26± 5.94)％,(48.20 ± 3.40)％ vs (32.50 ± 13.70)％,P ＜ 0.05).Immunohistochemistry results showed that the number of apoptotic lymphocytes in the spleen and thymus increased significantly in high dose group.Conclusion Fluoride can reduce the thymus immune organ index of rats,affect the proliferation of lymphocytes in blood,thymus and spleen,and promote apoptosis of lymphocytes,thus affecting the immune function.
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Objective To analyze the changes of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in the spleen of water-improving fluorosis rat,to explore the mechanism of fluoride-induced immune system damage,and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of endemic fluorosis.Methods Forty-eight male Wistar rats of SPF grade were randomly divided into control group and low,medium and high fluoride dose groups according to body mass (120-140 g),12 rats in each group.The sodium fluoride (NaF) content was 0,50,100 and 150 mg/L,respectively.The animals were allowed free access to water and food.After 12 weeks of fluoride exposure,6 rats in each group were selected to isolate the spleen;the remaining rats in each group were changed to drink distilled water containing no NaF,and the spleen was separated after 12 weeks of feeding.The levels of mRNA of glucoseregulated protein (GRP78),spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1-s),activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4),homologous protein (CHOP) and cysteine containing aspartate specific protease 12 (Caspase-12) in spleen were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).Results Before the water-improving,the expressions of GRP78 (1.00 ± 0.09,1.69 ± 0.35,1.39 ± 0.29,1.19 ± 0.19),XBP1-s (1.00 ± 0.12,1.40 ± 0.23,1.24 ± 0.26,1.38 ± 0.11),ATF4 (1.00 ± 0.17,1.86 ± 0.56,2.33 ± 0.55,1.95 ± 0.74),CHOP (1.00 ± 0.53,2.84 ± 0.68,3.06 ± 1.29,2.50 ± 0.35) and Caspase-12(1.00 ± 0.12,1.90 ± 0.29,1.56 ± 0.35,1.76 ± 0.23) mRNA in the control group and low,medium and high fluoride dose groups were statistically significant (F =8.45,5.38,6.38,8.21,11.31,P ＜ 0.05).Except for the GRP78 in high fluoride dose group,the above indicators in fluoride groups were higher than the control group (P ＜ 0.05).After the water-improving,the expressions of GRP78 (1.00 ± 0.36,0.75 ± 0.13,0.98 ± 0.41,0.47 ± 0.19),XBP1-s (1.00 ± 0.25,0.70 ± 0.06,0.74 ± 0.17,0.65 ± 0.21),ATF4 (1.00 ± 0.51,0.66 ± 0.09,0.91 ± 0.34,0.81 ± 0.29),CHOP (1.00 ± 0.36,0.92 ± 0.12,0.84 ± 0.16,0.67 ± 0.20) and Caspase-12 (1.00 ± 0.45,0.65 ± 0.11,0.65 ± 0.25,0.51 ± 0.27) mRNA in the control group and low,medium and high fluoride dose groups were not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).Before and after the water-improving,the expressions of XBP1-s,ATF4,CHOP and Caspase-12 mRNA were statistically significant in fluoride groups (P ＜ 0.05),and the GRP78 only had a statistically significant difference in the low fluoride dose group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Fluoride exposure causes ERS response in rat spleen,up-regulation of ERS-related gene expression,which is decreased after water-improving,and the ERS response is weakened.The water-improving may contribute to the recovery of fluoride-induced immune function damage.
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Fluoride can cause phrenology and non-phrenology damage,but the mechanisms were unclear.It is reported that fluoride can decrease protein synthesis and induce cell apoptosis,leading to extensive systemic damage.Many studies have found that the mechanism is closely associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress.Protein kinase receptor-like ER kinase/Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (PERK/eIF2α) signaling pathway is the first activation pathway when endoplasmic reticulum stress occurs which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of fluorosis.This present paper is focused on the role of PERK/elF2α signaling pathway-related factors in the systemic and organism damages resulted from fluorosis,which may provide new ideas in mechanism and prevention of fluorosis.
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The catalogue for regular college programs is the guide to offering specialties and academic degrees in medical colleges and universities.It serves as the orienting framework under which to develop human resources at the institution of higher learning.Thus,it is an important task concerning the overall reform and development of tertiary education to revise the catalogue for regular college programs.This paper discusses the adjustment of such kind of catalogs in terms of their special aspects and distinctive qualities of medical education with an attempt to draw the attention of more experts and scholars to this research direction in order to ensure a stable,scientific,and continuous development of the catalog for medical sciences.
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Academic analysis was made on the relationship between the supply and demand of higher education on the condition of rapid economic development.The development target of the healthcare manpower up to 2020 in Zhejiang Province was discussed through a comparative study method.A simulated prediction of the demand for the healthcare manpower was made by the specific ratio method of healthcare manpower/population.This study shows that by 2020 the number of doctors per thousand will reach 2.4,which is the average figure of the developed countries in the 1990's,then can adapt to the effective demand in Zhejiang Province.